Indus Valley Civilization (3000-1500 BC)

Since it developed in the Indus Valley, this civilization is called the Indus Valley Civilization. Also known as Bronze Age Civilization extended from Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan to India. It flourished from the river Indus and is one of the ancient civilizations of the world. It is also known as the Harappan civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization was destroyed either by the arrival of the Aryans or by natural disasters. Brick was an important construction material of the Harappan people. Pashupati (Shiva) and goddess are the main worshipped idols of the Harappan people. The dog was an animal that the Indus Valley people domesticated. The Sumerians called the Indus Valley people 'Meluha'. The main food grains of the Harappan civilization were wheat and barley. The main trading center of the Harappan people was Lothal. Iron and horses were unknown to the indus people. The first Harappan city discovered after India's independence was Ropar in Punjab. The Harappan people were the first to cultivate cotton. The places found related to Indus Valley Civilization are as follows.

Harappa: Harappa is the first found place that related to Indus Valley Civilization. It was founded by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921. It is now situated in the northeast Pakistan, about 24 kilometer west of Sahiwal in Punjab on the banks of river Ravi. Harappa is mentioned in Rig Veda in the name of Hariyupiya. It is the only place that we got the evidence of burial of dead body in Cemetery H Culture. 

Mohenjo-Daro: Mohenjo-Daro is an archeological site known as the hill of dead people. It was founded by RD Banerji in 1922. It is now situated at the province of Sindh, Pakistan in Larkana District. Some of the objects found in excavations include assembly halls, a bronze statue dubbed the "Dancing Girl”, a seated stone sculpture "The Priest-King", the Shiva Pashupati seal and others. 

Lothal: Lothal was founded by RS Rao in 1955. It is situated near Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat. Some of the evidences found in Lothal include sheltered harbor, discovery of copper objects, beads and other semi-precious stones.

Kalibangan: Kalibangan stand for black bangles. A.Ghosh founded the Kalibangan in 1953. He found that all houses in Kalibangan had their own well in that period. Also found evidences of furrowed land, camel bones and wooden furrow. It is located on the southern banks of the Ghaggar. 

Dholavira: Dholavira was founded by RS Deekshith during the period of 1985-1990 and was the last city to get the evidences of Indus Valley Civilization. It is located near Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. Dholavira is flanked by two storm water channels.